Tuesday, 1 November 2011

How The 'Pox' Epidemic Changed Vaccination Rules

Historian Michael Willrich was planning to write a book about civil liberties in the aftermath of Sept. 11 when he stumbled across an article from The New York Times archives. It was about a 1901 smallpox vaccination raid in New York — when 250 viagra cialis online pharmacy pharmacy arrived at a Little Italy tenement house in the middle of the night and set about vaccinating everyone they could find.
"There were scenes of policemen holding down men in their night robes while vaccinators began their work on their arms," Willrich tells Fresh Air's Terry Gross. "Inspectors were going room to room looking for children with smallpox. And when they found them, they were literally tearing babes from their mothers' arms to take them to the city pesthouse [which housed smallpox victims.]"
The vaccination raid was not an isolated incident. As the smallpox epidemic swept across the country, New York and Boston policemen conducted several raids and health officials across the country ordered mandatory vaccinations in schools, factories and on railroads. InPox: An American History, Willrich details how the smallpox epidemic of 1898-1904 had far-reaching implications for public health officials — as well as Americans concerned about their own civil liberties.
"110 years ago, vaccination was compelled by the state," he says. "But there no effort taken by the government to ensure that vaccines on the market were safe and effective. We live in a very different environment today where there are extensive regulations governing the entire vaccine industry."
At the turn of the 20th century, explains Willrich, there were little to no regulations governing the pharmaceutical industry. Many people were forced to receive the vaccine — most of the time against their will.
"There was one episode in Middlesboro, Ky., where the police and a group of vaccinators went into this African-American section of town, rounded up people outside this home, handcuffed the men and women and vaccinated them at gunpoint," says Willrich. "It's a shocking scene and very much at odds with our daily-held notions of American liberty."
People infected with small pox would also be quarantined against their will in large isolation hospitals called pest houses.
"People would literally dragged there against their will," he says. "Some of the most poignant scenes are when mothers are fighting with health officials to keep their children in their own homes rather than have them be taken off to a pesthouse. People at the time rightly associated pest houses with death. That's where someone was taken to die."
Resistance To Vaccinations
From the very start of the organized vaccination campaign against smallpox, there was public resistance, says Willrich. The battle between the government and the vocal anti-vaccinators came to a head in a landmark 1902 Supreme Court decision, where the Supreme Court upheld the right of a state to order a vaccination for its population during an epidemic to protect the people from a devastating disease.
"But at the same time, the Court recognized certain limitations on that power — that this power of health policing was no absolute and was not total and there was a sphere of individual liberty that needed to be recognized," says Willrich. "Measures like this needed to be reasonable and someone who could make a legitimate claim that a vaccine posed a particular risk to them because of their family history or medical history [would not have to be vaccinated.]"
In addition, the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts stipulated that a state couldn't forcibly vaccinate its population.
"[They said,] 'Of course, it would be unconstitutional and go beyond the pale for health officials to forcibly vaccinate anyone because that's not within their power,'" says Willrich. "And I think that's really a shoutout to the Boston health authorities who were employing forcible vaccination all the time in the poorest neighborhoods in the city."
Because so many refused to get vaccinated, there were isolated incidents of smallpox outbreaks in the United States until 1949, says Willrich. It wasn't until 1972 that the U.S. government decided to stop mandatory vaccination against smallpox, in part because the disease had been largely eradicated.
The Current Anti-Vaccine Controversy
In 1998, the British medical journal The Lancet published a report by Dr. Andrew Wakefield that suggested that there might be a link between autism and the measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine.
"This paper was thoroughly discredited and debunked but the idea that vaccines might somehow be the cause of autism stuck," says Willrich. "And so, according to some of the most recent studies, something like one-fifth of all American parents believe that vaccines cause autism. This is simply not true. But it's a powerful association in the public mind."
Wakefield is no longer allowed to practice medicine in England and The Lancet withdrew the study in 2010. In January, 2011, the British Medical Journal said that the study wasn't just wrong — it was "a deliberate fraud" that altered key facts to support the link between vaccinations and autism.
Even though the study was discredited, many people continue to believe the link between vaccinations and autism, says Willrich.
"[In 2003,] according to the CDC, there was something like 22 percent of American parents of young children were refusing one or more vaccines for their children," he says. "Five years later, that percentage had nearly doubled to about 40 percent of all Americans. So the vaccine controversy today is one of the most important public health crises we face in America."
And, he says, public health officials can and should do more to inform the public that the American Academy of Pediatrics, the American Medical Association and the CDC all believe that vaccines are safe.
"I think this is the time for doubling their efforts to spread the good word about vaccines and also have a candid public discussion about the risks and benefits," he says. "There's no more opportune moment than the present to launch a new publicity campaign around vaccines. ... Viruses spread in human populations from person to person and if you have a vast majority of a community vaccinated against that virus, the virus will simply never have a toehold in that community."

Saturday, 29 October 2011

Viagra

Viagra (Sildenafil) was approved by the Food and Drug administration (FDA) in 1998 and was the first drug for the treatment of erectile dysfunction. Given as an oral medication, 9 tablets are dispensed every second worldwide and Pfizer, the manufacturer of the drug says that millions of men have been helped to improve their sex lives. Impotence, or erectile dysfunction, is a problem that affects most men at some time in their lives. online pharmacy is a drug for those whose problem is not resolving in the short term and who have been advised by their doctor that it is a safe drug for them to try.



How Viagra Works

Originally studied for the use in people with high blood pressure and cardiac problems the drug was found to have a very interesting side effect. Viagra increases the blood flow to the penis and enables a man to maintain an erection for at least 4 hours. It only works if the man is sexually stimulated so will not cause an erection by just taking the pill.



Cost Viagra

Viagra costs about anywhere from $5 dollars per pill, but market forces and source can vary the price considerably.



How to take it

The medication is taken in pill form by mouth. One Viagra tablet can be taken in 24 hours, it will usually work within 30 minutes to 1 hour and lasts about 4 hours.



Common side effects

The most common side effects are headache, facial flushing, dizziness, visual problems such as blurred vision, bluish vision and sensitivity to light, nasal congestion, an upset stomach.



Viagra can be dangerous

Do not take Viagra if you use nitrate drugs. These types of drugs used to treat cardiac problems such as angina can if used in combination with Viagra cause the blood pressure to drop to unsafe, sometimes life threatening levels.



People with cardiac problems, anatomical malformations of the penis such as Peyronie's disease, men with a predisposition to prolonged erections caused by sickle cell anemia, multiple myeloma (a form of cancer), leukemia, liver problems (especially severe liver disorders), kidney problems and people taking certain medications used for HIV or those over 65 should NEVER take the drug unless prescribed by a medical practioner. Deaths have occurred during sexual activity in men using the drug.



Viagra is one of the medications that has revolutionized the treatment of erectile dysfunction. It has allowed those who where unable to maintain an erection or only able to have partial erections enjoy a better sex life. 

Monday, 23 May 2011

Trust Me, I'm a Doctor

I’ve spent the best part of yet another week in the company of around 90 front line healthcare employees running 5 workshops including some on the development of electronic patient records.

I use a family analogy to illustrate to delegates the changing world we live in.

My Mum, God bless her, is 80 next month and regularly goes to the cheap viagra. If the cialis told Mum to take a cold shower every day she might be tempted to do it (slight exaggeration of effect – sorry Mum) because she has been brought up to believe that the doctor is one step removed from God himself. There is terrific respect for the doctor.

My daughter is 28 and has two sons. Is she goes to the doctor about herself or the two boys she will challenge the doctor in a friendly but assertive way asking why this medication, why that treatment etc, It’s not that she does not trust the doctor, its just that she has more information than my Mum, thanks largely to information technology.

I am somewhere in the middle at aged 56. I want desperately to trust everything the doctor says because that’s how I was brought up by my parents and that was always the culture. And then part of me is like my daughter in that I know I have the right to challenge the doctor and not be made to feel or look like a fool.

We are living through interesting times where there is probably a generational shift among patients about their perception of the role and status of the doctor.

Fascinating times and with the growth of information technology and information access I can see a day when my grandchildren will want to know even more about their health. Despite coming from the generation I do I am excited about that.

Doctors are terrific people – I have worked with literally thousands in my career but they are not beyond reproach.

In the words of the great song by Bob Dylan - "The times they are a changing"

Fascinating ….. I'd love to hear what you think about this one.


Tuesday, 3 May 2011

Centrophenoxine

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A semi synthetic nootropic, Centrophenoxine is a powerful memory and mental acuity booster, free radicals combater and energy production stimulator composed of clear cell anti-aging and life span increasing effects. Synthesized in 1959 at the French National Scientific Research Center, it has been widely used in Europe and the USA since then. Dimethylaminoethanol and parachlorophenoxyacetate are two biochemical elements present in Centrophenoxine.

Dimethylaminoethanol is naturally metabolized in human body and is found in natural food such as in fish. It helps in increasing acetylcholine levels in CNS (Central Nervous System) that offer memory and general cognition improvements and neuronal glucose (which is the chief brain fuel) and enhance oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide production. Similar to auxins (plant hormones), Parachlorophenoxyacetate is a synthetic compound that helps in increasing RNA and protein production thus by reversing the age-related drop in neural RNA and protein production in human body, thereby helping to encode memory and repairing cell damage. Not only effective as a prevention measure in healthy individual, this drug is prescribed for people suffering from brain disorders.

The combination of the two elements known as Centrophenoxine offers various brain energizing, anti-aging, cell repairing and general brain activity activating effects. It even helps in decreasing lipofuscin levels that are biochemical clutters built up during lifetime and associated with poor cell health. It is also effective in treating Alzheimer disease and the symptoms of senile dementia along with many other brain-related disorders. The positive effects of Centrophenoxine are proved by clinical and laboratory tests.

Medications and Prescriptions

Generic name: Centrophenoxine

Product Brand Name: Centrophenoxine, Lucidril, Cerutil, Helfergin

Centrophenoxine description

Description:

Being an original anti-aging drug, Centropenoxine is also a neuroenergizing drugs helpful in treating Alzheimer disease and senile dementia symptoms. It is also effective in treating cerebral atrophy, post-stroke state, brain injury, chronic alcoholism, symptoms as confusion, barbiturate intoxication, extreme weakness, and memory and intellectual concentration disturbances, medium level dementia, tardive dyskinesia, senile psychosis and several brain and CNS disorders. It is successfully in Europe used for reviving patients in alcoholic or post-traumatic coma. Along with the reduction of lipofuscin accumulation in body cells, it helps in fighting free radicals, increasing neuronal RNA and protein production levels and acetylcholine levels. It defends cellular aging (inner and outer signs), eliminates toxic elements from the heart and artery that are risky for producing heart attacks and compensating for acetylcholine which deficiency causes Alzheimer disease. It also restores intellectual well being, improves day-to-day activities and enhances the ability to transfer new information into secondary memory. Doctor may prescribe Centrophenoxine for other conditions also.

Distribution form:

One tablet of Centrophenoxine contains 250 mg of the substance that is to be taken orally.

Synergy:

Being a natural synergist with peracetam, it helps in preventing Alzheimer disorder, or cures it in early stage. It may be combined with deprenyl.

Before Using:

Consult your doctor on weighing all positive and negative sides before starting taking Centrophenoxine. Avoid Centropenoxine if you experience major depression, seizure disorders, and mania, convulsive disorders such as epilepsy, Parkinson ’s disease or severely high blood pressure. It should be avoided during pregnancy.

Dosage:

Centrophenoxine day doses range from 600 up to 2000 mg/day and is usually given twice a day in two equally divided doses, mostly at breakfast and lunch. 250 mg of Centrophenoxine once or twice a day in the morning with meal is given for healthy people with no psychological and neurological diseases to prevent brain aging and enhance general cognition. This is a safe and useful dose generally.

Side Effects:

Centrophenoxine can cause nausea or mild dizziness in some cases. headaches, neck, jaw and shoulder muscle tension, insomnia, irritability and hyper excitability, agitation and restlessness are some serious side effects caused by overproduction of acetylcholine. You are strongly recommended to inform your physician or healthcare specialist about the symptoms. This effects can be eliminated by dose reduction. To avoid overproduction of acetylcholine, skip one or two days of taking the drug.

Centrophenoxine notes:

Available in the brand names Lucidril, Cerutil Helfergin, Centrophenoxine is an original anti-aging, neuroenergizing drug used to treat Alzheimer and senile dementia symptoms, is available in the market. With its capability to reduce lipofuscin accumlation in body and combat free radicals, mounting acetylcholine levels, neuronal RNA and protein production levels. Centrofenoxine helps in defending cellular aging. It offers positive results getting rid of the heart and arteries of toxic elements that brings about heart attacks and balances acetylcholine whose deficiency results in Alzheimer disease. After proper balance restoration, intellectual well being of the patient improves and ability to carry out day to day activities.

Centrophenoxine should be avoided by people with from depression, mania, very high blood pressure, convulsive or seizure disorder as epilepsy or Parkinson disease. Overproduction of acetylcholine may deteriorate these conditions. Your doctor is the best will tell you when ths drug should be used or not.

Centrophenoxine leads to nausea or mild dizziness symptoms. Some side effects pf this drug are headaches, insomnia, jaw and shoulder muscle tension, irritability, hyper excitability and agitation and restlessness by overproduction of acetylcholine that can be eliminated effectively by reducing the dose. Skipping drug for one or two days helps in balancing the acetylcholine overproduction. Inform your doctor regarding the symptoms immediately as they appear and his advice should be followed.

Centrophenoxine is prescribed twice a day in two equally divided doses that varies from 600 up to 2000 mg/day to any healthy person with no psychological and neurological diseases for averting brain aging and improve general cognition is advised to use 250 mg of Centrophenoxine once or twice a day in the morning with meal.

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